Cell Phone: 03039859530
Email: ahsanakbar431@gmail.com
Saturday, 30 December 2017
All About Us
My name is Muhammad Ahsan Akbar.
I'm doing BS-Physics.
And as well i'm runing an Academy as a
Principal at "Bright Future Academy Of Science".
I'm serving as a Tutor from last 3 years.
And I'm serving students through blogger from last 1.5 year.
EDUCATION in Pakistan
At independence, Pakistan had a poorly educated population and few schools or universities. Although the education system has expanded greatly since then, debate continues about the curriculum, and, except in a few elite institutions, quality remained a crucial concern of educators in the early 1990s. Adult literacy is low, but improving.
1. Structure of the System
Education is organized into five levels: primary (grades one through five); middle (grades six through eight); high (grades nine and ten, culminating in matriculation); intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to an F.A. diploma in arts or F.S. science; and university programs leading to undergraduate and advanced degrees. Preparatory classes (kachi, or nursery) were formally incorporated into the system in 1988 with the Seventh Five-Year Plan.
2. Female Education
Pakistan has never had a systematic, nationally coordinated effort to improve female primary education, despite its poor standing. It was once assumed that the reasons behind low female school enrollments were cultural, but research conducted by the Ministry for Women's Development and a number of international donor agencies in the 1980s revealed that danger to a woman's honor was parents' most crucial concern. Indeed, reluctance to accept schooling for women turned to enthusiasm when parents in rural Punjab and rural Balochistan could be guaranteed their daughters' safety and, hence, their honor.
Religious Life in Pakistan
About 97 percent of all Pakistanis are Muslims. Official documentation states that Sunni Muslims constitute 77 percent of the population and that adherents of Shia (see Glossary) Islam make up an additional 20 percent. Christians, Hindus, and members of other religions each account for about 1 percent of the population.
1. Basic Tenets of Islam
The central belief in Islam is that there is only one God, Allah, and that the Prophet Muhammad was his final messenger. Muhammad is held to be the "seal of the prophets." Islam is derived from the Judeo-Christian tradition and regards Abraham (Ibrahim) and Jesus (Isa) as prophets and recognizes the validity of the Old Testament and New Testament.
2. Islam in Pakistani Society
Islam was thus the basis for the creation and the unification of a separate state, but it was not expected to serve as the model of government. Mohammad Ali Jinnah made his commitment to secularism in Pakistan clear in his inaugural address when he said, "You will find that in the course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State." This vision of a Muslim majority state in which religious minorities would share equally in its development was questioned shortly after independence.
3. Politicized Islam
In 1977 the government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto outlawed alcohol and changed the "day off" from Sunday to Friday, but no substantive Islamic reform program was implemented prior to General Zia's Islamization program. Starting in February 1979, new penal measures based on Islamic principles of justice went into effect. These carried considerably greater implications for women than for men. A welfare and taxation system based on zakat and a profit-and-loss banking system were also established in accordance with Islamic prohibitions against usury.
4. Non-Muslim Minorities
The various religious minority groups have secured separate representation in national and provincial assemblies but still have limited influence on national policy. They finally united around a common issue in October 1992 when the government of Nawaz Sharif decreed that religious affiliation would be indicated on identity cards. These cards were needed for a range of activities, including attending school, opening a bank account, registering to vote, casting a vote, and obtaining a passport.
Social Structure of Pakistan
1. Traditional Kinship Patterns:
Pakistani social life revolves around family and kin. Even among members of the most Westernized elite, family retains its overarching significance. The family is the basis of social organization, providing its members with both identity and protection. Rarely does an individual live apart from relatives; even male urban migrants usually live with relatives or friends of kin. Children live with their parents until marriage, and sons often stay with their parents after marriage, forming a joint family.
2. Linguistic and Ethnic Groups:
Language is an important marker of ethnic identity. Among the more than twenty spoken languages in Pakistan, the most common ones--Punjabi, Sindhi, and Urdu--as well as Pashtu or Pashto, Bloch, and others, belong to the Indo-Aryan branch of the IndoEuropean language family. Additional languages, such as Shina and other northern-area languages, are related to the Dardic branch of Indo-European and the early Dravidian language family. Brahui is one such language; it is spoken by a group in Balochistan.
See more about : Linguistic and Ethnic Groups of Pakistan
See more about : Linguistic and Ethnic Groups of Pakistan
3. Men, Women, and the Division of Space:
Gender relations in Pakistan rest on two basic perceptions: that women are subordinate to men, and that a man's honor resides in the actions of the women of his family. Thus, as in other orthodox Muslim societies, women are responsible for maintaining the family honor. To ensure that they do not dishonor their families, society limits women's mobility, places restrictions on their behavior and activities, and permits them only limited contact with the opposite sex.
Space is allocated to and used differently by men and women. For their protection and respectability, women have traditionally been expected to live under the constraints of purdah (purdah is Persian for curtain), most obvious in veiling. By separating women from the activities of men, both physically and symbolically, purdah creates differentiated male and female spheres. Most women spend the major part of their lives physically within their homes and courtyards and go out only for serious and approved reasons. Outside the home, social life generally revolves around the activities of men. In most parts of the country, except perhaps in Islamabad, Karachi, and wealthier parts of a few other cities, people consider a woman--and her family--to be shameless if no restrictions are placed on her mobility.
4. The Status of Women and the Women's Movement:
Four important challenges confronted women in Pakistan in the early 1990s: increasing practical literacy, gaining access to employment opportunities at all levels in the economy, promoting change in the perception of women's roles and status, and gaining a public voice both within and outside of the political process.
There have been various attempts at social and legal reform aimed at improving Muslim women's lives in the subcontinent during the twentieth century. These attempts generally have been related to two broader, intertwined movements: the social reform movement in British India and the growing Muslim nationalist movement.
Linguistic and Ethnic Groups of Pakistan
Language is an important marker of ethnic identity. Among the more than twenty spoken languages in Pakistan, the most common ones--Punjabi, Sindhi, and Urdu--as well as Pashtu or Pashto, Bloch, and others, belong to the Indo-Aryan branch of the IndoEuropean language family. Additional languages, such as Shina and other northern-area languages, are related to the Dardic branch of Indo-European and the early Dravidian language family. Brahui is one such language; it is spoken by a group in Balochistan.
· Punjabis
Most Punjabis trace their ancestry to pre-Islamic Jat and Rajput castes. However, as they intermarried with other ethnic groups who came to the area, certain qaums (clan or tribal groups) came to predominate, especially Kambohs, Arains, Jutt, Gujjars, Awans, and Khokkars in northern Punjab, and Gilanis, Gardezis, Qureshis, and Abbasis in the south. Other Punjabis trace their heritage to Arabia, Persia, Balochistan, Afghanistan, and Kashmir. Thus, in contrast with many other areas, where people often remained isolated, Punjabis had very diverse origins. The extent of this diversity facilitated their coalescence into a coherent ethnic community that has historically placed great emphasis both on farming and on fighting.
· Pakhtuns
The North-West Frontier Province is closely identified with Pakhtuns, one of the largest tribal groups in the world. The Pakhtuns predominate in Balochistan and are also the major group in southern Afghanistan. The West has long been fascinated with the Pakhtuns, one of the few peoples able to defeat the advances of British imperialism. Authors as diverse as Rudyard Kipling and contemporary Pakistani anthropologist Akbar S. Ahmed wrote about them. More is written about Pakhtun norms, values, and social organization than any other ethnic group in Pakistan.
· Sindhis
During the British Raj, Sindh, situated south of Punjab, was the neglected hinterland of Bombay. The society was dominated by a small number of major landholders (waderas). Most people were tenant farmers facing terms of contract that were a scant improvement over outright servitude; a middle-class barely existed. The social landscape consisted largely of unremitting poverty, and feudal landlords ruled with little concern for any outside interference. A series of irrigation projects in the 1930s merely served to increase the wealth of large landowners when their wastelands were made more productive.
· Baloch
The final major ethnic group in Pakistan is the Baloch. A comparatively small group, the Baloch, like the Pakhtuns, are a tribal population whose original territory extends beyond the national borders. Over 70 percent of the Baloch live in Pakistan, with the remainder in Iran and Afghanistan. The Baloch trace their roots to tribes migrating eastward from around Aleppo, in Syria, before the Christian era. Sometime between the sixth century and the fourteenth century, they migrated to the region of present-day Balochistan.
Major problems /challenges faced by Pakistan
Mr. Ahsan identified three major problems faced by Pakistanis — terrorism, poverty, and extremism, and said that two of which are clearly also a major concern for the USA. He emphasized the importance of education, democratic governance and economic welfare in resolving major challenges. He added that a partnership between Pakistan and the USA that addresses these underlying factors will help Pakistan and the USA to overcome these problems. He talked about severe energy shortages in Pakistan, where everyone has to suffer multiple power shutdowns and cope with unaffordable costs of energy. We can succeed in resolving our energy issues only if we end terrorism. The sign of our success will be when parents in Pakistan start feeling that the future of their sons and daughters will be better than their living conditions. The recent announcement of $750 million aid for education and other sectors over the next few years will greatly help Pakistan to reduce poverty.
Guiding Principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy
Following are the basic principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy:
1. Protection of Freedom and Sovereignty
Pakistan came into being after great sacrifices of millions of Muslims. Like any other country, she also considers with deep regard the need for preservation of its independence and does not allow any country to harm its freedom. Therefore, the principle of protection of independence and sovereignty is the corner stone of Pakistan's Foreign Policy.
2. Cordial Relations with Muslim Countries
Pakistan always tries to establish cordial and friendly relations with Muslim countries. It has always moved its concern against Israel, India and U.S.S.R capturing Palestine, Kashmir and Afghanistan respectively. She has shouldered high responsibilities and used her influence for safeguarding the rights of the Muslims. Pakistan is also an active member of the Islamic Conference.
3. Non-Interference in Internal Affairs of Other Countries
Pakistan has sought to establish normal and friendly relations with all countries especially in neighboring countries, on the basis of universally acknowledge the principle of national sovereignty, non-use of force, non-interference in the internal affairs of states.
4. Implementation of U.N Charter
Pakistan's policy is to act upon UN charter and to support all moves by the UN to implement it. Pakistan has been the member of UN since the year of its birth.
5. Promotion of World Peace
Pakistan's policy is to promote peace among nations. It has no aggressive designs against any country. Neither does it support any such action. Pakistan has always held that the international disputes should be settled through negotiations rather than non-battlefield.
6. Non-Alignment
Pakistan follows the policy of Non-Alignment i.e. to keep away from alignment with any big power bloc, and avoids taking sides in the cold war. It has also given up its association with SEATO and CENTO and was included in NAM in 1979.
7. Support for Self-Determination and Condemnation of Racial Discrimination
Pakistan is a stomach supporter of the right of self-determination and has been in the fore front of efforts to eliminate colonialism and racism. It has advocated the right of self-determination of Kashmir.
8. Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament
Pakistan is deeply conscious of the fact that international peace and security cannot be achieved and sustained in the world with arms. Disarmament is the imperative condition for truly durable peace in the world. Pakistan has a vital stake in promotion of disarmament both in the nuclear and conventional fields. It is included in the principles of its foreign policy that a collective endeavor by countries at the regional level to promote disarmament and enhance security at the lowest possible level of armaments is an indispensable result to their advocacy of global disarmament.
9. Member of International Organization
Pakistan had become the member of the British Commonwealth with the time of its establishment. In addition it is the member of United Nations (U.N), Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), and South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC), Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), and D-Eight. Being a member of International Organizations the objectives of Pakistan are to struggle for world peace, to unify the Muslim countries and to promote regional co-operation.
Geographical Features of Pakistan
Environment and conservation
The environmental issues is a great problem for the nature and nation of Pakistan and has been disturbing the balance between economic development and environmental protection. As Pakistan is a large importer of both exhaustible and renewable natural resources and a large consumer of fossil fuels, the Ministry of Environment of Government of Pakistan takes responsibility to conserve and protect the environment.
Current issues:
Water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification.
Natural disasters:
Pakistan is subject to frequent earthquakes which are often severe (especially in north and west) and severe flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August). Landslides are common in the northern mountains.
Protected areas:
There are 14 national parks, 72 wildlife sanctuaries, 66 game reserves, 9 marine and littoral protected areas, 19 protected wetlands and a number of other protected grasslands, shrublands, woodlands and natural monuments.
Natural resources and primary industry of Pakistan
Water resources:
Hydrological power is a renewable resource which benefits Pakistan a lot. After the Indus Water Treaty on 1960 World Bank decided that River Sutlej, Ravi and Beas water will be used by India and River Indus, Jhelum and Chenab water will be used by Pakistan. Pakistan was told to build 2 Dams one Tarbela And second Mangla, 5 Barrages, 8 Link Canals and one gated siphon. For this India was told to Participate 60% while Pakistan will participate 40%. Pakistan is considering to develop wind turbines to fulfill the demand for electricity.solar power is now slowly flourishing but it is still installed on a small scale.
Fuel resources:
Pakistan has extensive energy resources, including fairly sizable natural gas reserves, petroleum oil reserves, coal fields and large hydropower potential.
Agriculture:
About 97% of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation and is watered by one of the largest irrigation systems in the world. The most important crops are tobacco cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, maize, sorghum, millets, pulses, oil seeds, barley, fruits and vegetables, which together account for more than 75% of the value of total crop output.
Fishery:
Fishery and fishing industry plays an important role in the national economy of Pakistan. With a coastline of about 814 km, Pakistan has enough fishery resources that remain to be fully developed. It is also a major source of export earning.
Forestry:
About only 4% of land in Pakistan is covered with forests. The forests of Pakistan are a main source of food, lumber, paper, fuel wood, latex, medicine as well as used for purposes of wildlife conservation and Eco tourism
Mining:
The Salt Range in the Potwar Plateau has large deposits of rock salt. Pakistan has extensive mineral resources, including fairly sizable reserves of gypsum, limestone, chromites, iron ore, rock salt, silver, gold, precious stones, gems, marbles, tiles, copper, sulfur, fire clay and silica sand.
Some Geographical Features of Pakistan
Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashto (alternate name, Pashtu) 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8%
Punjabi 44.68%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%, Sindhi 14.1%, Sariaki 8.38%, Muhajirs 7.57%, Balochi 3.57%, other 6.28%
Ø Religions:
Muslim (official) 96.4% (Sunni 85-90%, Shia 10-15%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.6% (2010 est.)
Republic Day, March 23
Ø Literacy rate:
54.9% (2009 est.)
Ø Economic summary GDP/PPP (2013 est.): $574.1 billion; per capita $3,100.
Ø Real growth rate: 3.6%.
Ø Inflation: 7.7%.
Ø Unemployment: 6.6% plus substantial underemployment.
Ø Arable land: 26.02%.
Ø Agriculture: cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs.
Ø Labor force: 59.21 million; note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor; agriculture 45.1%, industry 20.7%, services 34.2% (2010 est.).
Ø Industries: textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp.
Ø Natural resources: land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone.
Ø Exports: $25.05 billion (2013 est.): textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, and yarn), rice, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and rugs.
Ø Imports: $39.27 billion (2013 est.): petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea.
Ø Major trading partners: U.S., UAE, Saudi Arabia, China, Afghanistan, Kuwait (2012).
Ø Communications:
o Telephones: main lines in use: 5.803 million (2012); mobile cellular: 125 million (2013).
o Broadcast media:media is government regulated; 1 dominant state-owned TV broadcaster, Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV), operates a network consisting of 5 channels; private TV broadcasters are permitted; to date 69 foreign satellite channels are operational; the state-owned radio network operates more than 40 stations; nearly 100 commercially licensed privately owned radio stations provide programming mostly limited to music and talk shows (2007).
o Internet hosts: 365,813 (2012).
o Internet users: 20.2431 million (2009).
Ø Transportation:
o Railways: total: 7,791 km (2007).
o Roadways: total: 262,256 km; paved: 189,218 km (including 708 km of expressways); unpaved: 73,038 km (2010).
o Ports and harbors: Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim.
o Airports: 151 (2013
Foreign Policy of Pakistan and Challenges
Introduction:
No country today can think of a life
independent of other nations. Every country has to develop relations with other
countries so as to meet its requirements in economical, industrial and technological
fields. It is thus necessary for every country to formulate a sound foreign
policy. Pakistan is an important third world country, in its developmental
stage. It also has formulated her foreign policy keeping in mind its geography,
politics and economics.
Definition of Foreign Policy:
Foreign Policy can be defined as
Relations between sovereign states. It is a reflection of domestic politics and
an interaction among sovereign states. It indicates the principles and
preferences on which a country wants to establish relations with another
country.
Pakistan’s Foreign Policy:
Pakistan is an active and an important
member of the international community. It interact with other states at
different levels, one level of interaction is bilateral which mean that you
interact or you deal with or you develop relations with individual countries
for example we can talk about Pakistan’s relations with Afghanistan, Iran and
so on and this is bilateral level. There is another level of interaction which
is called as multilateral level of interaction; Pakistan interacts with more
than one state, this interaction is generally with reference to issues for
example the issue of peace in the international system is something that has to
be addressed along with a large no. of other states. Multilateral level of
interaction also includes interaction with the international organizations. The
third level of interaction is through the United Nations and other
international organizations.
Major problems /challenges faced by Pakistan:
Mr. Ahsan identified three major
problems faced by Pakistanis — terrorism, poverty, and extremism, and said that two of which
are clearly also a major concern for the USA. He emphasized the importance of
education, democratic governance and economic welfare in resolving major
challenges. He added that a partnership between Pakistan and the USA that
addresses these underlying factors will help Pakistan and the USA to overcome
these problems. He talked about severe energy shortages in Pakistan, where everyone
has to suffer multiple power shutdowns and cope with unaffordable costs of
energy. We can succeed in resolving our energy issues only if we end terrorism.
The sign of our success will be when parents in Pakistan start feeling that the
future of their sons and daughters will be better than their living conditions.
The recent announcement of $750 million aid for education and other sectors
over the next few years will greatly help Pakistan to reduce poverty.
Pakistan-Afghanistan n issues:
The crisis in Afghanistan has adversely
impacted Pakistan as in addition to having several millions of refugees, it
must now fight terrorism and worry about its borders in North and West. He said
that allegations that Pakistan is behind recent bombing at Indian Embassy in
Kabul and other un-stabilizing acts in Afghanistan are irrational and lack
common sense. These acts do not further Pakistani interests in any manner. If
anything, the rumors have created more obstacles for Pakistan to build good
relations with India, Afghanistan, USA, and other countries.
Foreign policy of newly elected government:
Talking about the foreign policy
differences in the context of the US-Pakistan relations between former military
regime and the newly elected government, he said that there is now focus on
people-to-people relations instead of just military-to- military relations. It
has to be multi-threaded and just not based on security interests. We want US
and Pakistan to have a free trade treaty as US has with some other countries.
We support the stability of Afghanistan and will not allow the use of its
territory to launch attacks against any other country. We want the US to
facilitate “conflict resolution” between Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan. .
Fighting terrorism
The best way to find terrorism to isolate
and marginalize terrorists and those who support them. The democratic elections
has had already an impact on the situation as it has demonstrated to extremists
that overwhelming majority of Pakistan are not extremists and want to live in a
democratic society.
Restoration of Justices and Independent Judiciary
The government is in constant touch with
lawyers on the restoration of judges and independent judiciary. The Pakistani
Parliament is working diligently to restore judges in a constitutional manner.
Our assessment is that attempting to resolve this issue hastily and without due
consideration of all parties would not work out smoothly and possibly endanger
democracy.
Withdraw
from SEATO and CENTO
Following the loss of East Wing, Pakistan
withdrew from SEATO. Pakistan's military links with the West continued to
decline throughout Bhutto's tenure in power and into the first years of the Zia
regime. CENTO was disbanded following the fall of the Shah of Iran in March 1979,
and Pakistan then joined the Nonaligned Movement. Zia also continued Bhutto's
policy of developing Pakistan's nuclear capability.
Pakistan
as major Non-NATO ally
In March, 2004 the United States
designated Pakistan as a "major Non-NATO ally". This move will
significantly enhance military cooperation between the two countries and enable
Pakistan to purchase modern military equipment, satellite technology, depleted
uranium ammunition and enhance cooperation in defense sector, research and
development with US.
Kashmir
Insurgency 1990
Bilateral tensions increased in early
1990, when Kashmiri militants began a campaign of violence against Indian
Government authority in Jammu and Kashmir. Subsequent high-level bilateral
meetings relieved the tensions between India and Pakistan, but relations
worsened again after the destruction of the Ayodhya Masjid by Hindu extremists
in December 1992 and terrorists bombings in Bombay in March 1993. Talks between
the Foreign Secretaries of both countries in January 1994 resulted in deadlock.
On Balochistan Conflict
The People of Balochistan have shown
considerable trust in the Pakistan Peoples Party by voting for it in large
numbers. We are partners in the Balochistan government. We are fully engaged
with Baloch leaders and firmly believe that military actions have cannot
resolve the issues. We believe Baloch have some legitimate concerns and these
can only be resolved through talks. He said some of Baloch demands concern with
the issue of provincial autonomy and control of resources. The constitutional
package that is being worked out in the Pakistan National Assembly addresses
the core concerns of Baloch people.
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)